The implementation of NCS pathways is influenced by land resource use, governance structures, market processes, power dynamics and institutional arrangements. Natural landscapes comprise people who are dependent on them for their lives and livelihoods. In order to effectively implement NCS pathways, one needs to understand the political economy of NCS in varied biophysical and cultural geographies.

For this reason, we evaluated NCS pathways in India through a political economy lens. This study considered four NCS pathways: restoration of degraded land, reforestation, avoided deforestation and trees in croplands.